全球范围内甲状腺癌患病人数不断攀升,年发病数已从2000年的12.3万1上升至2020年的58.6万2,20年间增长了4.77倍,成为了“流行病”。
相比之下甲状腺癌死亡率则维持在较低水平3。乳头状癌(PTC)是甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型4,全球范围内甲状腺癌发病率增加主要归因于PTC增加5。以1974~2013年间美国统计数据为例,PTC及微小癌(肿瘤直径≤1.0cm)增速最高6。
表1:各国指南对≤1cm甲状腺结节FNA的推荐意见
注:ATA=美国甲状腺学会,ESMO=欧洲肿瘤内科学会,CATO=抗癌协会甲状腺癌专业委员会,KTA=韩国甲状腺学会,JTA=日本甲状腺学会
图1:2001~2016年甲状腺癌年死亡率变化趋势(来源:美国加州肿瘤登记数据库)
1999年,韩国政府发起一项全民免费肿瘤筛查项目,由于颈部超声价格低廉,很多医院将甲状腺癌超声筛查加入筛查套餐20。这一举措导致2000年以后韩国确诊甲状腺癌人数迅速上升,2011年相比1993年发病率升高的15倍,引发对“过度诊断”争议20。但韩国筛查真的没有获益吗?回顾韩国流行病学数据发现:从开展筛查项目5年后(也就是2005年)开始,甲状腺癌特异性死亡率开始下降21;2003~2015年死亡率的APC约下降4.3%22。从肿瘤分期来看,筛查不仅检出了更多微小癌,也提高了大癌、淋巴结转移和转移癌的检出率23。确诊时肿瘤直径从1999年的2.15cm降低到2005年的1.36cm,2008年进一步降低到1.05cm24。从生存率来看,1993~1995年开展筛查前韩国甲状腺癌患者的5年相对生存率为94.5%,开展筛查后5年内(也就是2001~2005年)提升至98.4%,从2006年开始已达到100%(图2)25。
图2:1983~2018年韩国甲状腺癌5年相对生存率变化趋势(来源:韩国中央癌症登记)
1985~1989年间,英国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率为男性64%、女性75%,低于同时间段欧洲的平均水平(男性72%、女性80%)26。1995~1999年间,英国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率为77.6%27,与欧洲平均水平的差距缩小了,与同时期黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、乳腺癌的生存率水平相当,低于睾丸癌。对此,英国学者反思原因在于对甲状腺癌治疗不足和不规范28,例如对1988年在英国伯明翰伊丽莎白女王医院就诊的205例DTC病例进行回顾性分析29发现:12%~20%的患者没有得到充分手术、放射性碘治疗和TSH抑制治疗,14.6%没有监测血清Tg水平。2002年,英国甲状腺学会发布指南28以提高治疗的彻底性和规范性,到2000-2007年英国甲状腺癌生存率已提高到男性77%、女性83%(图3)30。
图3:欧洲不同时间段、不同地区成人甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率变化趋势(来源:EUROCARE-5数据库)
2003~2005年我国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率仅为67.5%31,与美国1940~1949年水平相当;但经过短短十年,到2012~2015年,我国甲状腺癌生存率已跃升至83.4%,但仍与美国有14%的差距32。另外,我国的医疗卫生发展存在明显的区域不平衡性,医疗资源相对发达的地区如上海市浦东区,截至2015年甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率已达到100%33,同时期福建省厦门市为94.2%34。而医疗资源欠发达地区如甘肃省,2018年甲状腺癌死亡率仍高于全国平均水平(0.5/10万 vs. 0.37/10万)35,由此可见在甲状腺癌管理上,我国医疗资源欠发达地区与发达地区仍存在较大差异。
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来源:中国医学论坛报公众号 原文标题:黄韬教授:回顾历史,看清“甲状腺癌过度诊疗”真相 原文阅读
