全球范围内甲状腺癌患病人数不断攀升,年发病数已从2000年的12.3万1上升至2020年的58.6万2,20年间增长了4.77倍,成为了“流行病”。
相比之下甲状腺癌死亡率则维持在较低水平3。乳头状癌(PTC)是甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型4,全球范围内甲状腺癌发病率增加主要归因于PTC增加5。以1974~2013年间美国统计数据为例,PTC及微小癌(肿瘤直径≤1.0cm)增速最高6。
表1:各国指南对≤1cm甲状腺结节FNA的推荐意见
注:ATA=美国甲状腺学会,ESMO=欧洲肿瘤内科学会,CATO=抗癌协会甲状腺癌专业委员会,KTA=韩国甲状腺学会,JTA=日本甲状腺学会
图1:2001~2016年甲状腺癌年死亡率变化趋势(来源:美国加州肿瘤登记数据库)
1999年,韩国政府发起一项全民免费肿瘤筛查项目,由于颈部超声价格低廉,很多医院将甲状腺癌超声筛查加入筛查套餐20。这一举措导致2000年以后韩国确诊甲状腺癌人数迅速上升,2011年相比1993年发病率升高的15倍,引发对“过度诊断”争议20。但韩国筛查真的没有获益吗?回顾韩国流行病学数据发现:从开展筛查项目5年后(也就是2005年)开始,甲状腺癌特异性死亡率开始下降21;2003~2015年死亡率的APC约下降4.3%22。从肿瘤分期来看,筛查不仅检出了更多微小癌,也提高了大癌、淋巴结转移和转移癌的检出率23。确诊时肿瘤直径从1999年的2.15cm降低到2005年的1.36cm,2008年进一步降低到1.05cm24。从生存率来看,1993~1995年开展筛查前韩国甲状腺癌患者的5年相对生存率为94.5%,开展筛查后5年内(也就是2001~2005年)提升至98.4%,从2006年开始已达到100%(图2)25。
图2:1983~2018年韩国甲状腺癌5年相对生存率变化趋势(来源:韩国中央癌症登记)
1985~1989年间,英国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率为男性64%、女性75%,低于同时间段欧洲的平均水平(男性72%、女性80%)26。1995~1999年间,英国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率为77.6%27,与欧洲平均水平的差距缩小了,与同时期黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、乳腺癌的生存率水平相当,低于睾丸癌。对此,英国学者反思原因在于对甲状腺癌治疗不足和不规范28,例如对1988年在英国伯明翰伊丽莎白女王医院就诊的205例DTC病例进行回顾性分析29发现:12%~20%的患者没有得到充分手术、放射性碘治疗和TSH抑制治疗,14.6%没有监测血清Tg水平。2002年,英国甲状腺学会发布指南28以提高治疗的彻底性和规范性,到2000-2007年英国甲状腺癌生存率已提高到男性77%、女性83%(图3)30。
图3:欧洲不同时间段、不同地区成人甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率变化趋势(来源:EUROCARE-5数据库)
2003~2005年我国甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率仅为67.5%31,与美国1940~1949年水平相当;但经过短短十年,到2012~2015年,我国甲状腺癌生存率已跃升至83.4%,但仍与美国有14%的差距32。另外,我国的医疗卫生发展存在明显的区域不平衡性,医疗资源相对发达的地区如上海市浦东区,截至2015年甲状腺癌的5年相对生存率已达到100%33,同时期福建省厦门市为94.2%34。而医疗资源欠发达地区如甘肃省,2018年甲状腺癌死亡率仍高于全国平均水平(0.5/10万 vs. 0.37/10万)35,由此可见在甲状腺癌管理上,我国医疗资源欠发达地区与发达地区仍存在较大差异。
- Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer.2001 Oct 15;94(2):153-6.
- Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin.2021 May;71(3):209-249.
- Pizzato M, Li MM, Vignat J, et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2022 Apr;10(4):264-272.
- Du L, Zhao Z, Zheng R, et al. Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Mortality in China, 2015. Front Oncol. 2020 Nov 10;10:1702.
- Miranda-Filho A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bray F, et al.Thyroid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2021 Apr;9(4):225-234.
- Lim H, Devesa S, Sosa J, et al. Trends in Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the United States, 1974-2013.JAMA. 2017 Apr 4;317(13):1338-1348.
- Revised American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2009 Nov;19(11):1167-214.
- 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016,26(1):1-133.
- Filetti S ,Durante C, Hartl D, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol.2019 Dec 1;30(12):1856-1883.
- 甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断与治疗中国专家共识 (2016版) .中国肿瘤临床.2016,43(10):405-411.
- Horiguchi K, Yoshida Y, Iwaku K, et al.Position paper from the Japan Thyroid Association task force on the management of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (T1aN0M0) in adults.Endocr J.2021 Jul 28;68(7):763-780.
- Yi KH. The Revised 2016 Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules and Cancers: Differences from the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016 Sep;31(3):373-378.
- Mitchell AL, et al. Management of thyroid cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines.J Laryngol Otol.2016 May;130(S2):S150-S160.
- NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®)–Thyroid Carcinoma (2022 Version 2).
- Ito Y, Onoda N, Okamoto T. The revised clinical practice guidelines on the management of thyroid tumors by the Japan Associations of Endocrine Surgeons: Core questions and recommendations for treatments of thyroid cancer. Endocr J.2020 Jul 28;67(7):669-717.
- Block MA. Management of carcinoma of the thyroid. Ann Surg.1977 Feb;185(2):133-44.
- Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med.1994;97:418-28.
- Hundahl SSA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, et al. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-1995. Cancer.1998 Dec 15;83(12):2638-48.
- Yan KL, Li SP, Tseng CH, et al. Rising Incidence and Incidence-Based Mortality of Thyroid Cancer in California, 2000-2017. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2020 Jun 1;105(6):dgaa121.
- Ahn HS, Kim,HJ, Welch HG.Korea’s thyroid-cancer “epidemic”–screening and overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1765-7.
- Choi YM, Kim TY, Jang EK, et al. Standardized Thyroid Cancer Mortality in Korea between 1985 and 2010. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul).2014 Dec 29;29(4):530-5.
- Choi YM, Kim WG, Kwon H, et al.Changes in standardized mortality rates from thyroid cancer in Korea between 1985 and 2015: Analysis of Korean national data. Cancer.2017 Dec 15;123(24):4808-4814.
- Park S, Oh CM, Cho H, et al.Association between screening and the thyroid cancer “epidemic” in South Korea: evidence from a nationwide study. BMJ.2016 Nov 30;355:i5745.
- Oh CM, Kong HJ, Kim E, et al.National Epidemiologic Survey of Thyroid cancer (NEST) in Korea. Epidemiol Health.2018;40:e2018052.
- Hong S,Won YJ, Lee JJ, et al.Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2018. Cancer Res Treat.2021 Apr;53(2):301-315.
- Teppo L, Hakulinen T. Variation in survival of adult patients with thyroid cancer in Europe. EUROCARE Working Group. Eur J Cancer.1998 Dec;34(14 Spec No):2248-52.
- Thomson CS, Forman D. Cancer survival in England and the influence of early diagnosis: what can we learn from recent EUROCARE results? Br J Cancer.2009 Dec 3;101 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S102-9.
- Kendall-Taylor P. Managing differentiated thyroid cancer. BMJ. 2002 Apr 27;324(7344):988-9.
- Kumar H, Daykin J, Holder R, et al. An audit of management of differentiated thyroid cancer in specialist and non-specialist clinic settings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2001 Jun;54(6):719-23.
- Maso LD, Tavilla A, Pacini F, et al. Survival of 86,690 patients with thyroid cancer: A population-based study in 29 European countries from EUROCARE-5. Eur J Cancer.2017 May;77:140-152.
- Zeng HM, Chen WQ, Zheng RS, et al. Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries.Lancet Glob Health.2018 May;6(5):e555-e567.
- SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015.
- Li XP, Deng Y, Tang WN, et al. Urban-Rural Disparity in Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survivals in Shanghai, China, During 2002 and 2015.Front Oncol.2018 Dec 3;8:579.
- 林艺兰, 林福生, 陈国伟, 等. 2011—2018年厦门市甲状腺癌流行趋势和生存率分析.现代预防医学.2021,48(16):2897-2899.
- 淳志明, 朱奕潼, 袁浩冉, 等.2018 年甘肃省肿瘤登记地区甲状腺癌 流行特征及 2010—2018 年变化趋势.中国肿瘤.2022-11-22在线发表
来源:中国医学论坛报公众号 原文标题:黄韬教授:回顾历史,看清“甲状腺癌过度诊疗”真相 原文阅读
Thank you so much for providing individuals with remarkably memorable chance to read critical reviews from this website. It is usually so awesome plus stuffed with fun for me and my office friends to search your blog nearly thrice in one week to study the latest items you will have. Of course, I am usually pleased with your extraordinary creative concepts served by you. Selected two facts on this page are honestly the most efficient we’ve ever had.
I can’t thank the author enough for this enlightening article. It not only provides valuable information but also addresses common misconceptions, offering a more nuanced view of the subject. The writing style is engaging, making it an enjoyable read from start to finish.
Эта статья действительно отличная! Она предоставляет обширную информацию и очень хорошо структурирована. Я узнал много нового и интересного. Спасибо автору за такую информативную работу!这篇文章真的很棒!它提供了广泛的信息,结构非常好。我学到了很多新的和有趣的东西。感谢作者如此翔实的工作!
Я ценю фактический и информативный характер этой статьи. Она предлагает читателю возможность рассмотреть различные аспекты рассматриваемой проблемы без внушения какого-либо определенного мнения.我赞赏这篇文章的事实性和信息性。它为读者提供了一个机会,可以考虑所讨论的问题的不同方面,而无需暗示任何特定的观点。
С удовольствием! 我很乐意!
Thank you!
Thank you for the great info!
谢谢,很有用的信息