新冠会让人失去嗅觉吗?最近,新冠感染的「几大酷刑」症状刷屏了社交网络,
其中,嗅觉丧失虽然较少出现,但对于日常生活的影响却非常严重,其持续时间也具有很高的不确定性,甚至有部分患者的嗅觉在康复后数月也难以恢复。
12 月 21 日,一篇发表于 Science Translational Medicine 的论文揭示了新冠感染者嗅觉丧失的机制。研究表明,嗅觉丧失很可能并非新冠病毒感染直接引起,而是人体免疫系统抗击新冠病毒的「代价」。
感染新冠,有多少人会出现嗅觉异常?
早在 2020 年春季,就陆续有研究人员在新冠病毒感染者中发现嗅觉丧失的症状,并认为这种情况并非偶然事件[1][2]。进一步研究表明,新冠病毒感染引起的嗅觉丧失并不少见,尽管普通呼吸道病毒感染也可以引起嗅觉丧失,但比例要远远少于前者。
2020 年 3 月,加州大学圣地亚哥分校医疗中心(UCSD Health)发现,在该医院就诊的新冠病毒感染者中有 68% 出现了嗅觉减退或丧失,而同期就诊的其他呼吸道感染患者中仅有 16% 出现类似症状[3]。
无独有偶,意大利米兰大学附属医院(Ospedale Luigi SACCO Hospital)也在 2020 年 3 月对新冠住院患者做了类似研究,结果发现 59 名患者中有 20 名(33.9%)出现了嗅觉和/或味觉异常,其中 12 名的相关症状更是早在入院前即出现[2]。
而伊朗的一项病例对照研究[4]发现,嗅觉异常不仅在新冠病毒感染者中更常见,而且可作为识别新冠病毒感染的「标志性」症状之一。
在该研究中,通过采用严谨的嗅觉评估工具评估新冠病毒感染者和健康志愿者的嗅觉功能,研究人员发现,60 名新冠病毒感染者中有 59 名(98%)出现了不同程度的嗅觉异常,35 名(58%)患者的嗅觉丧失或几近丧失,而 60 名健康志愿者中只有 11 名(18%)表现为轻度嗅觉异常。
健康志愿者(左)和新冠病毒感染者(右)的宾夕法尼亚大学气味鉴别测试评分对比,分数越高则嗅觉功能越好。图:参考资料 4
基于一系列研究结果,2020 年 4 月,世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)相继将嗅觉丧失正式列为新冠病毒感染症状之一,我国也在2020 年 8 月印发的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第八版)》中正式将嗅觉障碍列为新冠病毒感染,尤其是轻型患者的临床症状。
[3]Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, et al. Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020;10(7):806-813. doi: 10.1002/alr.22579
[4]Moein ST, Hashemian SM, Mansourafshar B, et al. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020;10(8):944-950. doi: 10.1002/alr.22587
[5]Boscolo-Rizzo P, Tirelli G, Meloni P, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related smell and taste impairment with widespread diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022;12(10):1273-1281. doi: 10.1002/alr.22995
[6]de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Levallois S, et al. COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(596):eabf8396. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8396
[7]Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020;6(31):eabc5801. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801
[8]Chen M, Shen W, Rowan NR, et al. Elevated ACE-2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(3):2001948. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01948-2020
[9]Finlay JB, Brann DH, Abi Hachem R, et al. Persistent post-COVID-19 smell loss is associated with immune cell infiltration and altered gene expression in olfactory epithelium. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(676):eadd0484. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add0484
[10]Karamali K, Elliott M, Hopkins C. COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;30(1):19-25. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000783
[11]Liu DT, Sabha M, Damm M, et al. Parosmia is Associated with Relevant Olfactory Recovery After Olfactory Training. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):618-623. doi: 10.1002/lary.29277
[12]DeWeerdt S. How to bring back the sense of smell. Nature. 2022:606, S7-S9. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01628-9
[13]Flanagan CE, Wise SK, DelGaudio JM, et al. Association of decreased rate of influenza vaccination with increased subjective olfactory dysfunction. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;141(3):225-8. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.3399
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